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Disaster timeline

Two decades of consequences

Each of these disasters carries the fingerprint of a warming world. Filter by type, place and year to trace how the pattern has intensified.

From 2003

Showing 22 events.

2024Southern Brazil

Rio Grande do Sul Floods

The worst floods in the state’s history submerged Porto Alegre and displaced half a million.

Deaths: ~180Cost: $10B

Climate change made the extreme rainfall roughly twice as likely.

2024Sahel region

West Africa Floods

Exceptional rains across Nigeria, Niger and Chad displaced millions in a normally dry belt.

Deaths: ~1,500Cost: severe

A wetter Sahel is an expected signature of a warming climate.

2024Amazon Basin

Amazon Mega-Drought

Rivers fell to record lows, stranding communities and killing river dolphins.

Deaths: ecologicalCost: severe

Warming and deforestation combined to deepen the drought.

2023Libya

Storm Daniel & Derna Floods

Two dams burst, sending a wall of water through Derna and erasing entire neighbourhoods.

Deaths: ~11,000Cost: $19B

Warming made the extreme rainfall up to 50× more likely.

2023Canada

Canadian Wildfire Season

A record ~18 million hectares burned, choking North American cities in smoke for months.

Deaths: lowCost: $10B+

Hot, dry conditions were made at least twice as likely by climate change.

2023Greece

Greece Fires & Floods

The EU’s largest-ever wildfire was followed weeks later by record flooding from Storm Daniel.

Deaths: ~40Cost: $8B

Compound heat, fire and flood extremes in one season - a warming hallmark.

2023Antarctica

Antarctic Sea-Ice Crash

Winter sea ice fell millions of km² below any previously recorded level - a "5-sigma" anomaly.

A possible regime shift in a system once thought stable.

2022Pakistan

Pakistan Floods

A third of the country went underwater, affecting 33 million people.

Deaths: ~1,700Cost: $30B

Record monsoon rains were intensified by up to 50% by warming.

2022East Africa

Horn of Africa Drought

Five failed rainy seasons pushed 20+ million people into acute hunger.

Deaths: tens of thousandsCost: severe

Climate change made the agricultural drought about 100× more likely.

2022India & Pakistan

South Asia Heatwave

A brutal spring heatwave shrivelled the wheat crop and overwhelmed power grids.

Deaths: ~90Cost: $3B

Climate change made the event roughly 30× more likely.

2021US/Canada West

Pacific NW Heat Dome

Lytton, Canada hit 49.6°C - then burned to the ground the next day.

Deaths: ~1,400Cost: $9B

Virtually impossible without climate change, scientists concluded within days.

2021Germany & Belgium

European Floods

Stationary storms dumped two months of rain in a day, sweeping away whole villages.

Deaths: ~240Cost: $46B

Warming made such extreme rainfall up to 9× more likely.

2019Australia

Black Summer Bushfires

Fires burned ~24 million hectares and killed or displaced ~3 billion animals.

Deaths: ~450 (smoke)Cost: $75B

Climate change raised the risk of such extreme fire weather by at least 30%.

2018South Africa

Cape Town "Day Zero"

A major city came within weeks of shutting off municipal water to 4 million people.

Deaths: lowCost: $0.4B

Climate change made the three-year drought 3-6× more likely.

2018California, USA

Camp Fire

California’s deadliest wildfire incinerated the town of Paradise in hours.

Deaths: 85Cost: $16B

Record dryness and warmth primed the landscape to explode into flame.

2013Philippines

Super Typhoon Haiyan

One of the strongest landfalling storms ever recorded devastated Tacloban with a massive surge.

Deaths: ~6,300Cost: $13B

Exceptionally warm ocean heat content fuelled its extreme intensity.

2012US East Coast

Hurricane Sandy

A record storm surge flooded New York City’s subway and streets.

Deaths: ~230Cost: $70B

Higher seas added roughly 20 cm to the surge, expanding the flooded area.

2011Chao Phraya Basin

Thailand Floods

Monsoon floods inundated industrial zones, disrupting global electronics and auto supply chains.

Deaths: ~800Cost: $45B

Heavier monsoon downpours are consistent with a warmer, wetter atmosphere.

2011Fertile Crescent

Syrian Drought

A record multi-year drought drove rural collapse and migration ahead of civil conflict.

Deaths: indirectCost: severe

Warming made the drought’s severity 2-3× more likely.

2010Western Russia

Russian Heatwave & Fires

Record heat sparked wildfires and destroyed a third of the wheat harvest, spiking global food prices.

Deaths: ~55,000Cost: $15B

A blocked jet stream - the kind of pattern warming may favour - trapped the heat dome.

2005Gulf Coast, USA

Hurricane Katrina

Levee failures flooded 80% of New Orleans, exposing deep social vulnerability to disaster.

Deaths: ~1,800Cost: $200B+

Warmer seas raise the ceiling on hurricane intensity and rainfall.

2003Western Europe

European Heatwave

A summer of unprecedented heat killed tens of thousands, mostly elderly, across France, Italy and Spain.

Deaths: ~70,000Cost: $15B

Made at least twice as likely by climate change; a foretaste of normal future summers.

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